近些年来，印度一直在向西方各国学习，很多方面都已经被西方化，可印度再学习西方,印度也绝对变不成西方。 他的资源禀赋就是这样。印度是次大陆。不算太大的国土面积,这么多的人。他怎么可能变成西方呢?在海外问答论坛Quora上，印度网友问：印度处处向西方学习，为什么还赶不上中国？我们看看各国网友的观点。
问题
印度网友古普塔的回答
Full disclosure: I am an Indian and have traveled extensively in East and Southeast Asia.
全面披露，我是印度人，我在东亚、东南亚地区曾广泛旅行，所以对当地国情比较了解。
First of all, let me share my views on the discussion of GDP (false or true). Both countries have freedom in calculation. There has been a lot of discussion about this in newspapers and forums.
展开全文
首先，让我分享我对GDP（假或真）讨论的看法。这两个国家在计算中都有自己的考量，在报纸和论坛上有很多关于这一点的讨论。
However, anyone who visits China and India excessively can see significant differences in infrastructure, enterprises, and other aspects... Therefore, this ratio (i.e., 4-5 times) may be accurate.
然而，任何频繁访问中国和印度的人都可以看到基础设施、企业等方面的巨大差异……因此这个比例（即中国是印度的4-5倍）可能是准确的。
IMHO，there are five reasons for this difference:
依我浅见，造成这种差异的原因有5个：
China has been investing heavily in infrastructure. There are many examples in Chinese history of connecting various regions of the kingdom. This makes their entire supply chain more efficient.
1.中国一直在基础设施方面进行大量投资。中国历史上有很多关于连接王国各个地区的例子，如京杭大运河，驰道等。这使得他们的整个供应链更加高效。
Foreign companies are easier to invest. When foreign companies see China's existing infrastructure, their willingness to manufacture here is warm and significant. It may be the best in the region, with South Korea perhaps the exception.
2.外国公司更容易更愿意投资。当外国公司看到中国现有的基础设施时，他们在这里制造的意愿是热烈而显著的。它可能是该地区投资环境最好的，韩国可能是个例外。
In culture, Chinese people have a much lower level of risk aversion. When taking higher risks, there is clearly a higher return.
3.在文化上，中国人对风险的厌恶程度要低得多。当承担更高的风险时，显然会有更高的回报。
4. Work culture. A large part of India's economic growth is due to increased productivity among white-collar workers. In China, blue collar workers also provide a huge impetus. "I don't have these figures on hand, but the productivity growth of Chinese blue-collar workers is more than 10 times that of Indian blue-collar workers (if not correct, please correct; I can't find the source)"
4.工作文化。印度经济增长的很大一部分是由于白领工人的生产力提高。在中国，蓝领工人也提供了巨大的推动力。我手头没有具体数字，但中国蓝领工人的生产力增长是印度蓝领工人生产力增长的10倍多（如果不正确，请更正；我找不到来源）
Finally, IMHO, the fact that India is a country that adopts Western democracy sometimes does hinder development. In China, the government doesn't have to wait that long to implement a policy. In contrast, even India's best intentioned and apparently best policies must go through bureaucratic processes and be approved (implicit or explicit) by regional and local authorities. Whether you like it or not, this is a trade-off between living in a democratic country and having personal freedom.
5.最后，依我浅见，印度是一个采用西式民主的国家，这一事实有时确实会阻碍发展。在中国，政府不必等待那么长时间来推行一项政策。相比之下，即使是印度意图最好、明显最优的政策，也必须经过繁杂的官僚程序，并得到地区和地方权力的批准（隐含或明确）。不管你喜不喜欢，这是生活在民主国家和拥有个人自由之间的一种权衡。
I'm not smart enough to say that one is better than the other. They are different environments, and I hope I have highlighted some differences.
我不够聪明，不能说一个比另一个好。它们是不同的环境，我希望我已经强调了一些差异。
印度网友帕坦卡尔的回答
List of countries by GDP (purchasing power parity): China's GDP is about 2.5 times that of India.
按GDP（购买力平价）划分的国家名单：中国的GDP约为印度的2.5倍。
各国购买力平价排名：中美印日德俄印尼巴西英国法国
List of countries by GDP (nominal): China's GDP is approximately five times that of India.
按GDP（名义）划分的国家名单：中国的GDP约为印度的5倍。
Interestingly, when you switch from nominal purchasing power parity to purchasing power parity, the gap in their GDP data narrows. This makes me want to learn more about two measures of GDP:
有趣的是，当你从名义购买力平价转变为购买力平价时，他们的GDP数据差距缩小了。这让我想了解更多关于GDP的两个衡量标准：
• Nominal GDP does not take into account the differences in the cost of living in different countries, and the annual results may vary significantly depending on the fluctuations in the country's currency exchange rate. Such fluctuations can change a country's ranking from one year to the next, although they usually have little impact on the living standards of its population.
•名义国内生产总值没有考虑到不同国家生活成本的差异，根据该国货币汇率的波动，每年的结果可能会有很大差异。这种波动可能会在一年到下一年改变一个国家的排名，尽管它们通常对其人口的生活水平几乎没有影响。
National wealth comparisons are also often based on purchasing power parities to adjust for differences in the cost of living in different countries. Purchasing power parity (PPP) eliminates the exchange rate problem to a large extent, but it also has its own shortcomings; It does not reflect the value of economic output in international trade, and it requires more estimates than nominal GDP.
•国民财富的比较也经常以购买力平价为基础，以调整不同国家的生活成本差异。购买力平价在很大程度上消除了汇率问题，但也有其自身的缺陷；它没有反映国际贸易中经济产出的价值，而且它还需要比名义GDP更多的估计。
When we look at the list of GDP estimates based on purchasing power parity, the order is China ->EU ->US ->India. This is a fairer estimate because it corrects local economic realities. India has many facilities that are cheaper than food and medicine in the United States and the European Union. Only when estimated using purchasing power parity can the average life of Indians be more easily understood.
当我们查看基于购买力平价估计的GDP列表时，顺序是中国->欧盟->美国->印度。这是一个更公平的估计，因为它纠正了当地的经济现实。印度有许多市场和药店比美国和欧盟的食品和药品更便宜。只有当使用购买力平价估计时，印度人的平均生活才更容易理解。
Talking about why China is doing better: Blaming democracy is not the way. From 1947 to 1977, India was the center of one party rule. In fact, until 1967, we all said that one party ruled the country. This is very similar to the Chinese system.
谈到为什么中国做得更好：指责西式民主不是办法。1947年至1977年，印度是一党统治的中心。事实上，直到1967年，我们都说一党统治着全国。这与中国的制度非常相似。
If we look at GDP data before the 1980s, India and China are almost on the same boat. The disagreement took place in 1991. So, what was special about that year. "Well, any lame Indian would answer: the 1991 Indian economic crisis.". Our economy collapsed in 1991. In 1991, we had to rebuild from scratch and open up the market to cope with the pressure that this brought. For most of the 1990s, this situation and continued political instability led to widening disparities.
如果我们看看20世纪80年代之前的GDP数据，印度和中国几乎处于同一条水平线上。分歧发生在1991年。那么，那一年有什么特别之处呢。好吧，任何一个蹩脚的印度人都会回答：1991年印度经济危机。我们的经济在1991年崩溃了。1991年，我们不得不从头开始重建，开放市场，应对由此带来的压力。在90年代的大部分时间里，这种情况和持续的政治不稳定使得差距不断扩大。
Although there was stability and growth in 1999-2004, the government that emerged in 2004 fell into its own quagmire. By 2012, they had wasted all of their earnings as of 2007, which means that China's GDP in 2014 was more than twice that of ours. It is difficult to catch up, although we have been moving at full speed since 2014.
虽然99–04年出现了稳定和增长，但04年出现的政府却陷入了自己的泥潭。到2012年，他们浪费了截至2007年的所有收益，这意味着2014年，中国的GDP是我们的两倍多。这很难赶上，尽管我们从2014年开始全速前进。
越南网友Ziaddine的回答
In name, yes. Calculated at purchasing power parity, it is about 2.4 times. There are also areas of underdevelopment and corruption in China.
名义上来说，是的。按购买力平价计算，大约是2.4倍。中国也有发展不足的地方。
Separating the political system from a single point of development agenda is the government's ability (with the advantage of one party governance, of course). The Chinese people can unite and recognize the need for collective participation in achieving the goals set by the government, making their country a superpower in all aspects.
将政治制度从单一点的发展议程中分离出来是政府的能力（当然具有一党执政的优势）。中国人民可以团结起来，认识到集体参与实现政府设定的目标的必要性，使他们的国家在各个方面成为超级大国。
Although democracy does have some limitations, once it reaches maturity, it should strengthen the irreversible path of development. Although China entered an irreversible development path in the late 1970s, India was unable to do so until 1991. Although China can maintain a growth rate of nearly 9-10% in 25 years, India's average growth rate after 1991 is only about 6-7%. This is because the political system has found it necessary to use voting banking politics to influence economic policy making/limit government bolder reforms.
虽然西式民主确实有一些限制，但一旦达到成熟状态，就应该加强不可逆转的发展道路。虽然中国在70年代末进入了不可逆转的发展道路，但印度直到1991年才能做到这一点。虽然中国可以在25年内保持近9-10%的增长，但印度在1991年后的平均增长率仅为6-7%左右。这是因为政治体系发现有必要利用投票银行政治来影响经济政策制定/限制政府进行更大胆的改革。
The main difference is that ecosystems are primarily formed for "export oriented growth", which improves the efficiency of economic processes, governance, the entire industry, society, and individuals. Although India is a democratic country ruled by a majority party or coalition, its system could have achieved the same efficiency (except for a few countries that may be mired in certain legal proceedings).
主要区别在于，生态系统主要是为了“出口导向型增长”而形成的，它提高了经济过程、治理、整个行业、整个社会和个人的效率。尽管印度是一个由多数党或联盟统治的民主国家，但它的系统本可以实现同样的效率（除了少数可能陷入某些法律程序的国家）。
Attached is my response to similar questions on Quora:
随函附上我对Quora上类似问题的答复：
This was a carefully planned and executed exercise launched by China in the late 1970s.
这是中国在70年代末发动的一次精心策划、精心执行的演习。
• Substantial improvement in agricultural productivity;
•农业生产力大幅提高；
• Restrictions on population growth (one child policy);
•对人口增长的限制（独生子女政策）；
• Export led growth;
•出口导向型增长；
• High savings rates for large-scale infrastructure development;
•大规模基础设施开发的高储蓄率；
• Free Market - By demonstrating a large market, China can obtain the best technology and high-level foreign direct investment;
•自由市场-通过展示庞大的市场，中国可以获得最好的技术和高水平的外国直接投资；
• Large scale modernization of the industrial sector to meet export competitiveness;
•工业部门大规模现代化，以满足出口竞争力；
• Special economic zones to ensure that export-oriented industries gain cluster advantages of shared skill pools, optimal infrastructure, tax exemptions, and other financial incentives;
•经济特区，以确保出口导向型产业获得共享技能库、最佳基础设施、免税等财政激励的集群优势；
• Local provinces/municipalities play an important role in developing infrastructure around their areas;
•地方省/市在发展其地区周围的基础设施方面发挥着重要作用；
• Large institutions with extensive field expertise to help the country absorb imported technologies, improve them, and initiate long-term self-sufficiency measures;
•拥有广泛领域专业知识的大型机构，帮助该国吸收进口技术，改进这些技术，并启动长期自给自足措施；
• Competitive inflation management;
•有竞争力的通货膨胀管理；
• Competitive exchange rate management;
•具有竞争力的汇率管理；
• Ensure employee skill development;
•确保员工的技能发展；
• The government protects the interests of the industry, ensures that its capacity is fully utilized, and maintains export competitiveness;
•政府保护行业利益，确保其产能得到充分利用，并保持出口竞争力；
• Facilitate domestic units and foreign companies to conduct business;
•方便国内单位和外国公司开展业务；
• Banks provide timely and low-cost capital, and even provide low-cost long-term loans to maintain exports;
•银行提供及时和低成本的资本，甚至提供低成本的长期贷款来维持出口；
• Attract the best talents who have received education/training in Europe/the United States to return to participate in national development;
•吸引在欧洲/美国接受教育/培训的最优秀人才回国参与国家发展；
In short, a nearly perfect ecosystem has been developed, with credit available to all sectors - government, entrepreneurs, banks, the public, and so on. In fact, personal and process efficiency may be the best in China.
总之，开发了一个近乎完美的生态系统，所有部门都可以获得信贷——政府、企业家、银行、公众等。事实上，个人和流程效率可能是中国最好的。
海外网友哈里•罗伯特的回答
Question: Why is China's GDP five times that of India? Is it because India is a country that adopts Western-style democracy?
问题：为什么中国的GDP是印度的5倍？是因为印度是一个采用西式民主的国家吗？
Adopting Western style democratic governance is a governance system that a country chooses and follows. It cannot determine a country's GDP. Since 1949, China has been implementing one-party governance and multi-party cooperation. Nevertheless, why was GDP so low in 1949, and how did it rise to this level within about 60 years? China's governance system has no correlation with GDP. China's economic decisions have greatly promoted its economic development. North Korea follows a similar governance system. Why is its economy so bad? The United States is a democratic country. Why is its economy larger? The system cannot determine the size of GDP.
采用西式民主统治是一个国家选择并遵循的治理体系。它不能决定一个国家的GDP。自1949年以来，中国一直实行一党执政，多党合作。尽管如此，为什么1949年的GDP如此之低，以及它是如何在大约60年内提高到这个水平的？中国的治理体系与GDP没有相关性。中国做出的经济决策极大地推动了其经济发展。朝鲜也遵循类似的治理体系。为什么它的经济如此糟糕？美国是一个民主国家。为什么它的经济规模更大？体制并不能决定GDP的规模。
Indian citizens believe that democracy in India is the best way to govern the country. India's economic liberalization began in 1991, while China began more than a decade ago in 1979. China is ahead of India and has been expanding rapidly so far. But it is believed that China's growth rate will slow in the coming decades. We can only wait and see. Similarly, due to India's current better demographic dividend, it is expected that the Indian economy will accelerate at a faster pace in the coming days. We will have to wait and see if the result is true.
印度国民认为，印度的民主是治理国家的最佳方式。印度的经济自由化始于1991年，而中国早在十多年前的1979年就开始了。中国领先于印度，并且迄今为止一直在快速扩张。但据信，中国的增长速度将在未来几十年放缓。我们只能拭目以待。同样，由于印度目前有更好的人口红利，预计未来几天印度经济将以更快的速度加速。我们将不得不等待，看看结果是否属实。
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